A Doll S House 1 - 3753 Words

A Doll’s House Themes Marriage Women and Femininity Men and Masculinity The Home Respect and Reputation Love Lies and Deceit Money Love and Marriage As a play focused around the marriage between Nora and Torvald, A Doll s House can be seen as an exploration of love and marriage, or even, more profoundly, on whether there can be love in marriage. At the beginning of the play, Nora and Torvald appear to be very happily married, even to themselves. Nora talks joyfully about her love for Torvald, and Torvald refers to Nora using affectionate pet names. Their loving marriage stands in stark contrast with the lives of the other characters: the marriages of Krogstad and Mrs. Linde were based on necessity rather than love, and were unhappy.†¦show more content†¦When revealing the secret of how she borrowed money to finance the trip to Italy, she refers to it as her â€Å"pride† and says it was fun to be in control of money, explaining that it was â€Å"almost like being a man.† Although she comes to regret her decision to borrow money, Nora’s dissatisfaction with her status as a woman intensifies over the co urse of the play. In the final scene she tells Torvald that she is not being treated as an independent person with a mind of her own. Her radical solution to this issue is to leave domestic life behind, despite Torvald s declaration that he will change. Nora s decision suggests that she, and the play, see the issue as only partially with Torvald. The more fundamental issue is with domestic life as it was conceived and lived at the time, in the way it legally and culturally infantilized women and made it impossible for them to be recognized or treated as full individuals. Meanwhile, the men of the play are also expected to fill a certain role. Both Torvald and Krogstad are very ambitious, driven not only by the need to provide for their families but also by a desire to achieve higher status. Respectability is of great concern to both of them; when Nora’s borrowing is revealed, Torvald’s first thoughts are for his reputation. Meanwhile, Krogstad is fixated on achieving success now that he has â€Å"gone straight,† and intends to one day take over Torvald’s job and run the bank. More help on this theme... †¢See quotes aboutShow MoreRelatedA Woman s Prison By Henrik Ibsen Essay1410 Words   |  6 PagesA Woman’s Prison Ibsen’s pla y, A Doll’s House immediately encountered a spectrum of reactions--ranging from strong support to harsh criticism--following its premier in 1879. Controversy came about over Nora’s role as an independent woman who makes her own decisions. The public’s immediate response to Ibsen’s play reflects the shift occurring within society, centered on gender roles and women’s place in the mid to late 19th century. Ibsen’s portrayal of women through Nora’s role explores the ideasRead MoreSymbolism in A Doll House1501 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Jasmine Shughoury Stoltzfus IB World Lit 1 May 2014 WL#1 Word Count: 1,456 The Use of Symbolism in A Doll House Author Margaret Trudeau once said, â€Å"I can’t be a rose in any man’s lapel† (â€Å"I Can’t Be†). This quote expresses exactly what was going through many women’s minds during the 1800’s in Norway. 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Full House, produced by Jeff Franklin, is a family who faces many struggles and obstacles that reflect many American’s in today’s society. The Twilight Zone, produced by Rod Serling, is a five season television series taken place in the 1950’s. This shows provides multiple genres in each episode followed by an unexpected plot twist leaving audiencesRead MoreLars s Life Of The Doll955 Words   |  4 Pages After his father s death , his brother rebuilt the house. Karin and Gus married, Karin was pregnant. Karin is a warm and cheerful woman. She often invited him into the house of the family dinner. But Lars always refused Karin because he enjoys alone. Lars from his colleagues know the people selling inflatable doll online, and then he ordered an inflatable doll to itself. Lars treated the doll as his girlfriend, and he talks to doll every day. He even believed that the doll is a real woman. HeRead MoreSymbolism Of A Doll House By Henrik Ibsen937 Words   |  4 PagesSymbolism in A Doll House In Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll House, the play is framed around symbolism and its irony. Symbolism throughout the play acts as a subliminal foreshadowing, each individually hinting at the impending end. The irony is continually represented through Ibsen’s play between perception and reality - perception being the evident meaning of each symbol and reality, being the ironic opposite connotation exclusively in Nora and Torvald’s situation. Symbolism and its ironic opposite connotationRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House 1325 Words   |  6 PagesFamilies Destroyed by Secrecies In Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll s House† (March 20, 1828 - May 23, 1906) and â€Å"Oedipus the King†, by Sophocles (which is an Athenian tragedy performed 495 B.C.E. - 405 B.C.E.) both have men who were destroyed by a secret which lead them to their horrible outcomes on life because of the conflicts in their relationships with their families although, both pieces of Literature were written many years apart from each other and in different areas of time. Two characters whoRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1288 Words   |  6 Pages Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House is based in the Victorian society of the 19th century. It assesses the many struggles and hardships that women faced because of marriage â€Å"laws† that were crucial during that time period. The society was male- dominated with no equality. Nora is the protagonist in A Doll’s House and the wife of a man named Torvald. This play is about Nora’s voyage to recognizing her self- determination and independence. She transforms from a traditional, reserved woman to a new, independentRead MoreAnalysis Of Nora Helmer s A Doll s House 841 Words   |  4 PagesBrennan1 John.Brennan Lisa Wall English Composition II 29 March 2015 Knowing about Nora Helmer From the beginning of A Doll’s House play, Nora Helmer appears to a obedient wife. She doesn t seem to mind when her husband, Torvald, calls her his little squirrel, his little lark, and a featherhead, (1.5-1.16).And more than that, she seems to enjoy and even play into it. She shows also a generous behavior, by giving a good tip to the porter and buying a lot of Christmas presents. TheRead MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll s House1291 Words   |  6 Pages002322- 3 Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House is based in the Victorian society of the 19th century. It assesses the many struggles and hardships that women faced because of marriage â€Å"laws† that were crucial during that time period. The society was male- dominated with no equality. Nora is the protagonist in A Doll’s House and the wife of a man named Torvald. This play is about Nora’s voyage to recognizing her self- determination and independence. She transforms from a traditional, reserved woman to

Essay Analysis Of Democracy As A Universal Value By...

In his article, Democracy as a Universal Value, Amartya Sen asserts that democracy is a universal value. In order to develop his argument Sen needs to state his definition of democracy and define what he means by universal value. In the course of Sens argument he gives his view of the relationship between democracy and the economy. He then defends his view of democracy as a universal value against a main argument that deals with cultural differences between regions. Amartya Sen uses a maximum definition of democracy. Sen believes that a democracy has more qualities than just rule by the majority. Democracy is a demanding system, and not just a mechanical condition (like majority rule) taken in isolation (Sen 5). Sen believes†¦show more content†¦Third, the practice of democracy requires public discussion and exchange of information, views, and analyses; this exchange of information helps a society form its values and priorities (5). Sen considers something a universal value if people anywhere may have reason to see it as valuable (6). Some people have argued that democracy is not a universal value because not everyone agrees that democracy is valuable and important. However, according to Sen, complete, unanimous approval by all people is not needed for something to be considered a universal value. Using this definition Sen successfully defends his claim that democracy is a universal value, despite the fact that some people may not agree on the value of democracy. In his argument on the universal value of democracy Amartya Sen discusses the relationship between democracy and economic development. He notes that it is often claimed that nondemocratic systems are better at bringing about economic development than democratic ones. Sen disagrees with this claim. He asserts that this hypothesis is based on very selective and limited information (3). He admits that it is true that some disciplinarian states, like South Korea, Singapore, and postr eform China, have had faster rates of economic growth than many less authoritarian ones, like India, Jamaica, and Costa Rica (3). However, he points out that this very selective evidence cannot be usedShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Democracy as a Universal Value by Amartya Sen Essay example1470 Words   |  6 PagesIn his article, Democracy as a Universal Value, Amartya Sen asserts that democracy is a universal value. In order to develop his argument Sen needs to state his definition of democracy and define what he means by universal value. In the course of Sens argument he gives his view of the relationship between democracy and the economy. He then defends his view of democracy as a universal value against a main argument that deals with cultural differences between regions. 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They Died With Their Boots On Essay Example For Students

They Died With Their Boots On? Essay They Died With Their Boots OnStarring: Errol Flynn as General Custer, Olivia de Havilland as Elizabeth Bacon, Arthur Kennedy I as Ned Sharp, and Charlie Grapewin as California Joe. Produced in 1943Produced in 1943, They Died With Their Boots On, a Warner Brothers? film, is a horribly inaccurate account of the events that lead to the Battle of Little Big Horn. His early days in war were depicted accurately, however. Boots told of his experiences at West Pointe; the most important experience is, notably, his graduation. He received the absolute worst scores ever recorded at West Pointe upon his commencement. After that point, it all goes down hill. Custer was also a womanizer, but in this film he was quite a gentlemen, being sure to get Elizabeth Bacon’s father’s permission for everything the two did together. Custer was displayed as a very sympathetic and warm-hearted general, while he was, in actuality, not such. Custer was known to be rather a large egoist and somewhat of a rude man. Then, for â€Å"dramatic effect†, filmmakers fabricated a conspiracy that Custer’s â€Å"enemies† concocted to remove him from opposition. His o pponents, executives of a large company which he refused a position in, â€Å"lied† about gold in the Black Hills in order to trick thousands of Americans into violating a peace treaty with the Sioux. The truth: there really WAS gold in the Black Hills. Negro slaves were depicted as goofy and silly, added only for comic effect. One lady in particular danced about singing a rhyme, â€Å"Rabbit’s foot, work your charm, protect that lady’s man from harm!† after reading the â€Å"tea leaves† for a friend. The Sioux Indians were also depicted rather inaccurately. They all wore a single feather in the backs of their heads and yipped and hollered just as â€Å"Indians† would do. They screamed and beat their hands on their mouths, all the while speaking English in the manner of a five year-old. Finally, the film’s depiction of Civil War battles, not to mention the battle of Little Big Horn, were laughable. There were twenty, MAYBE thirty men all lined up on either side of the field, and every time the Union soldiers fought, at least two Confederate soldiers or Indians fell, dead. However, when the opposing side fired or attacked, the Union cavalries were nearly impregnable. Although Boots was made in the early 40’s, at which point society’s cultural knowledge was not thoroughly advanced, it still lacked historical accuracy. Custer, the Sioux, and the Negroes were all mistakenly depicted, as were the battles that seemed to last for hours. However, Boots was emotionally rousing, and a story with some truth behind it. If it’s a good time you’re looking for, go for it! Otherwise, do not expect anything fantastic. Cinema and Television

Reaction Paper on Revolution Open Source Essay Example

Reaction Paper on Revolution Open Source Paper A really great movie and very approachable. It helped me in understanding the real meaning of open source. Before I thought that Open Source means that the software is for free and it kept me wondering how software companies would benefit from it. After watching the movie I clearly understand that Open Source software Is not purely for free. Open Source means that the source code will be available for users where they can modify or correct a bug that they can share to others. With these Open Source quickly releases numerous version modified and personalized by the rogrammers community. It doesnt matter if youve never heard of Richard Stallman or dont know what a kernel Is. Certainly the filmmakers didnt entirely know the history before starting the movie, it doesnt take itself too seriously, and it did not focus only in the open source movements success or failure. What I like the most in the movie Is the story of the founding father of the Free Software Association/ GNU movement Richard Stallman on what he believe and how he conceptualized and eventually succeeded in his GNU movement. His idea Is about having free software nd forming a community where people can share what they learn from playing with the free software is the main reason why Open Source is having its success. He somewhat stated that it Is human nature to share, Meanwhile Linus Torvalds and other people who have believed in the idea of Richard Stallman it also human nature to gain profits for what they are doing. To me this documentary somewhat inspire me to work harder in school because if these little people contributed huge ideas about Open Source so I am. I dont want to be just another Information Technology graduate. We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction Paper on Revolution Open Source specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction Paper on Revolution Open Source specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction Paper on Revolution Open Source specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Domestic violence and ethnic minority Women living in the UK with “no recourse to public funds” The WritePass Journal

Domestic violence and ethnic minority Women living in the UK with â€Å"no recourse to public funds† CHAPTER 1 Domestic violence and ethnic minority Women living in the UK with â€Å"no recourse to public funds† CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH THE STUDYAIMOBJECTIVESCHAPTER 2METHODOLOGY AND THEORATICAL APPROACHSOURCES OF INFORMATION KEY WORDSCHAPTER 3LITERATURE REVIEWLITERATURE ON ISSUES OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCECHAPTER 4HEALTH AND WELL- BEINGMENTAL HEALTHCHAPTER 5CULTURAL INFLUENCESCHAPTER 6REFUGES, CARE AND SUPPORTSUPPORTING WOMEN WITH ‘NO RECOURSE’ TO PUBLIC FUNDSBLACK ETHNIC MINORITY WOMEN AND LAWCHAPTER 7CONLUSION/CRITIQUECHAPTER 8IMPLICATIONS TO SOCIAL WELFARE PRACTICERECOMMENDATIONSRelated CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH THE STUDY The focus of this study is to discuss the impact of domestic violence on black ethnic minority women living in the UK. To discuss intervention support services available and limitations faced in accessing statutory and voluntary organisations services. The topic has been chosen following a successful volunteering placement within an area of domestic violence. Volunteering at Coventry Haven as a domestic violence advocate/support worker meant being confronted daily by black ethnic minority Women living in the UK with â€Å"no recourse to public funds† needing support.   The â€Å"no recourse to public funds† rule means that women with unsettled status cannot access public provision including refuges, and social welfare (Sen. 2007:13) The organisation delivers services from a feminist perspective, taking a critical position of women in question and argues that issues of masculinity power are the ultimate root of intimate violence (Dobash and Dobash 1979). This feminist theoretical framework also argues that violence must be located within gendered perspective of men’s and women’s lives (Letherby 2003:42). The literature based study will adopt a feminist perspective and framework which understands domestic violence as a gendered occurrence to provide an analysis of current and relevant literature on the issues of domestic violence on black ethnic minority women in the UK. This study will also discuss effects of domestic violence on health and well-being of the black ethnic minority women in UK.   Moreover, it will explore the support services available to victims and discuss the limitations faced in accessing state services. Research will discuss the implication of findings for practice and will suggest a number of various recommendations towards current support services. From my own personal perceptions as a woman brought up in Africa, now living in the UK.   Many women continue to occupy a less important position in family organisations with many African men still possibly viewing domestic violence as the only way to solve family disputes.  Ã‚   Women’s Aid (2007) argue that although there is no legal definition of domestic violence, recommendation from the Home Office states that: â€Å"Domestic violence includes any incident of threatening behaviour, violence or abuse (physically, psychological, sexual, financial or emotional between adults who are or have been intimate partners or family members in spite of of gender or sexuality† (Women’s Aid, 2007). Until most recently, the relationship between the perpetrator and the victim was defined as that of partners, ex-partners or intimate family members, but following critiques by black ethnic minority women organisation like the Women’s Aid, Southhall Black Sisters, the definition now includes all forms of abuse including cultural specific forms of violence like forced marriage, honour killing and dowry attacks (Women’s Aid, 2007). AIM To discuss the impact of domestic violence on black ethnic minority women in UK and explore the intervention support services existing, the limitations these women face in accessing state services. OBJECTIVES To provide an analysis of current/ relevant literature on issues of domestic violence on black ethnic minority women in UK. To discuss the effects of domestic violence on the health and well-being of black ethnic minority women in UK. To explore the impact of cultural influences when accessing domestic violence support services. To explore the domestic violence support services available from statutory, voluntary organisations and their limitation in accessing these services. To discuss the implication of the findings for practice and suggest some various recommendations towards current support services. CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY AND THEORATICAL APPROACH This chapter will discuss the methodology and theoretical framework which the researcher has adopted for the rationale of the study and will provide the aims and objectives for the research.   The feminist theory of domestic violence will be briefly discussed within the research to gain an idea as to why men (perpetrators) abuse their female partners. The research is a literature based project adopting the feminist perspective methodology which argues that issues of gender and power are the ultimate root of intimate violence (Dobash and Dobash 1979).   The feminist theoretical framework argues that violence must be situated within the gendered context of men’s and women’s lives (Letherby   2003). Understanding domestic violence as a gendered occurrence leads to a focus on the problems of violent behaviour.   As (Cheyne; O’Brian; and Belgrave, 2000) argue, â€Å"The main purpose of feminist theory in every discipline has been to introduce the issues of gender†.   With regards to domestic violence Kersti Yllo (1993) comments that, the most primary feminists insight, is that, domestic violence cannot be sufficiently understood unless gender and power are taken into account. A critical theory of the feminist hypothesis will be adopted because of its distinctive features that focus on oppression and commitment in order to use the research procedures and outcomes for   empowering   the oppressed;   in this case the black ethnic minority women living in UK either on spousal visa, students or unknown status.   However, the black ethnic minority women would appear to be marginalised under this classification. From my own personal perspective as a black woman living in the UK, many black women continue to occupy a subordinate position, with many black men possibly viewing violence as the only way to solve family problems.  Ã‚   Through-out the process of the study, the researcher will remain in a distance objective stand to remain free from biases that could hinder obtaining knowledge.   Objectivity in social research is, the principle drawn from positivism that strives to ensure that the researcher remains objective and distanced from the study. In this way, findings depend on the nature of what was studied somewhat than the personal beliefs and values or the researcher (Rubin and Babbie 2001). The study will draw together and re-analyse qualitative literature to discuss the impact of domestic violence on black ethnic minority women living in the UK on, either, spousal visas, student visas or under an unknown status. Research will explore the impact of cultural influences on manly and woman relationships within the black ethnic minority families, impact of domestic violence on the women’s health and well-being. Furthermore the study will look at limitations black ethnic minority women come across when assessing statutory and voluntary organisations services for domestic violence support/services. A literature search is defined as methodical and thorough search of all types of published literature in order to identify as many items as possible that are related to a particular topic (Gash 2000:1)  Ã‚   As Creswell (2003) points out, the literature review shares with the readers the results of previous studies and also benchmarks results of a study with other results.   Primarily literature reviews are based on a synthesis of primary findings done by other researchers.   It also helps in generating a picture of what is known or not known about a particular happening (Creswell, 2003; Groove, 1993). Another reason for doing a literature based study is the time factor considering the process needed to undertake primary data collection.   The use of literature review can be viewed as less expensive compared to primary data collection in financial terms. The researcher also agrees with Stewart (1993) who argues that in case of tough budget and time constraints the use of secondary data is also good enough and can make available quality data. Like any other method of secondary research, literature review has its strengths and weakness.   The strengths for literature based study is that the researcher rarely affects the subject being studied because books have already been written, case records already recorded therefore, analysing the literature can have no effect on them.   Literature based research also permits the researcher to study processes that occur over long periods of time.   Literature based studies also have some limitations depending on the data that already exists. Each time the researcher bases a research on an analysis of data that already exist, is clearly limited to what exists. Due to sensitivity of issues of domestic violence primary research methods of collecting data might not have been the most appropriate for this research.   It is very difficult to gain access to women in refuge in practical terms because refuge locations are kept secret for the safety of the victims.   Victims may not wish to discuss their past experiences fearing to trigger some emotions.   Some women in refuge have been hostile in the past towards academic researchers using residents (Hoff: 1999.) The literature search focuses on sources that would meet the identified aims and objectives.   Exploration terms were predefined to retain focus on domestic violence and abuse on black ethnic minority women. Intended for the purpose of this research the term â€Å"Black† is used exclusively for women born in Africa, living in UK on either, a spousal visa, student visa or unknown status. One of the limitations will be in recognising unrecorded cases of domestic violence.   Fearing stigmatisation and shame by many black women, many incidents of domestic violence go unreported within the black communities therefore; literature review may not be a true account of all the black women surviving domestic violence and abuse. SOURCES OF INFORMATION French et al (2001) suggest that literature review goes through three fundamental steps.   This includes the search for relevant literature, analysis and critical evaluation of individual sources of literature and finally synthesis which involves comparing, contrasting, organising and finally presenting the written review. (French et al 2001) For the purpose of this study, literature information will be sourced from either, books or journals, grey (unpublished) literature, official publications including charitable organisations. Most sources will be obtained from the library catalogue systems and electronic database using some key words. KEY WORDS Domestic violence, black ethnic minority women, abuse, perpetrators, spouse and battered women Since initial literature search does always yield many articles, practical screening criteria will be used to screen literature in order to get articles that are relevant to the subject only.   The practical screening criteria will include factors such as the language in which the articles are printed. To arrive at relevant literature, database for Coventry University, Social Welfare and Community Studies was used. To search for literature the Coventry university catalogue searches of electronic database using tools like, Cinahl, Assia. Medical Science Academic Search, Ebsco, Science direct and the internet has been used. The literature search used a set of inclusion and exclusion criteria, ensuring that time was not consumed on literature that was immaterial to the study. INCLUSION EXCLUSION Black ethnic minority women in heterosexual relationships only. Black ethnic minority women who were born in UK and anyone holding a UK citizenship. Black ethnic minority women living in UK only. The reason is mainly to focus and target this group of women living in UK on spousal visa, student visa and unknown status only. Any articles in foreign languages will be excluded. The rationale for the exclusion of  Ã‚   articles in foreign language is that, it would be costly in terms of finance having to pay translators. Literature review that is more than fifteen years will be included in the research for historical background purposes. CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW LITERATURE ON ISSUES OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE This chapter will discuss the literature review on issues of domestic violence, focusing primarily on black ethnic minority women living in the UK.   To be able to understand the issues of domestic violence, it is vital to recognise that violence against women is an international reality which has been acknowledged as a major public health issue (Shipway 2004).   The acknowledgement of domestic violence internationally as a major public health has seen an improvement in numbers of localities dealing with domestic violence, but there remain some areas where little if anything is done to support women abused by intimate partners (Shipway 2004). Problems have risen where women from the ethnic minority have been lumped into one category and not considering their different cultural and religious differences. With no intensions of making excuses, it has been noted that obtaining data on black ethnic minority women (BEM) housing needs is difficult.   (Netto et al., 2001) report that there was national evidence that people from the black ethnic minority with including refugees find it very difficult to access services. Whilst domestic violence affects women from all ethnic groups, women from black ethnic minority communities may face isolation more that women from the majority. There are claims that women from the black ethnic minority communities may have to overcome religious and cultural pressure resulting in them being afraid of bringing shame onto their family respect or in some cases normalising and accepting domestic violence (Women’s Aid 2010). According to (Binney et al, and Women’s Aid Federation, 1988), the average length of time a woman endures violence before leaving an abusive relationship is seven years.   Also research has shown that a woman is beaten and average of 35 times before she seeks helps. Amina Mama (1989) highlighted that the additional implications of race, ethnicity in conditioning the experience of domestic violence. In addition Amina Mama (1989) argues that fear of racism responses could act as barriers preventing black ethnic minority women from accessing services or speak out about the domestic violence they experience. (Chantler et al (2006) mentioned that stereotyping and stigmatisation as barriers that prevent women from the black ethnic minority communities from seeking help.   The position of black ethnic minority women escaping domestic violence is exacerbated by barriers to reporting abuse which also include protecting family honour and normalising and accepting violence. Netto et al (2001) indicated the lack of specialist refuge spaces and immigration legislation as a barrier that denies black ethnic minority women with insecure status to access domestic violence services. Immigration issues posed a significant barrier for eight of twenty three survivors (Home Office 2008).   As indicated by the Home Office, a woman who has entered Britain as a spouse of a British citizen does not have recourse to any public funds should the marriage breaks up within one year. Exclusion in this way will stem, in part, from the fact that these women are categorises due to their unsettled immigration status which as a result becomes a barrier to accessing statutory services. Whilst women from the black ethnic communities are faced with the same obstacles in leaving violent relationships as white majority (Burman and Chantler   2009), confirms that; money, childcare, housing, transport may carry cultural specific inflections, exacerbated by racism and class position. According to (Burman and Chantler, 2009), such representations, in most cases have material consequences in terms of policy and development (Burman and Chantler, 2009). (Gilroy and Woods, 1994:101) states that black ethnic minority women face structured and subjective racism and sexism which determine their access to, as well as their choices in the basic right of adequate roof over their heads. Roehampton University (2008) revealed   that   the housing needs of the black ethnic minority were overwhelming and a   number of respondents admitted to   the need for improved consultation with black ethnic minority’s sector (Banga and Gill, 2008:2).   One woman stated that black women lack a voice, their needs are not accounted for and that it has not been about services to suit women and children’s needs but about women and children having to fit into services (Banga and Gill, 2008: 2). The NSPCC domestic violence campaign briefing (2008) indicates, two thirds of local authorities in England, Scotland and Wales offers a specialised service to women who are victims of domestic violence; one in ten (46 out of 434 has a specialised black ethnic minority services for abused women.   These are mainly in England (95 per cent) and almost half are in London.   Such statistics indicate a gap in knowledge about the extent and geographical coverage for black ethnic minority and how domestic violence affects such communities. On the other hand the success and accomplishment by the Southall black sisters (2008) confirms how the system can be achieved to challenge insufficiencies in local government response after winning a court case against Ealing Council (Southall Black Sisters, 2008). The council was found guilty of failing to pay proper regard to equalities legislation, in particular the Race Relations Act when making its decisions to cut the entire funding of Southhall Black Sisters (SBS) who provided services for black women (Southall Black Sisters, 2008). Rai and Thiara (1997) identified several obstacles to accessing the emotional, informational and instrumental support for women from specialist services.   According to critics of â€Å"on-size-fits-all† approach, women have negative views of current policies of domestic violence especially those of local authority (Southhall Black Sisters, 2008).   This â€Å"one-size-fits-all† highlights an institutional culture that fails to recognise the need for domestic violence action and policy. The end the violence against woman campaign (2007) reports   that the   government   departments failed to put in place a framework that ensures that domestic violence was addressed effectively.   In addition Mason (1992) estimated that between 25 percent and 50 percent of homeless families headed by a woman had become homeless as a result of fleeing domestic violence. Vincent and Jouriles (1988).   Bearing in mind such a high estimation by Mason (1992), it is important to note that in some cases battered women are confronted with homelessness and harsh economic hardships when they separate from violent partners. (Williams and Becker 1994), concluded that, of the one hundred and forty two programs surveyed, less than have made special effort to accommodate the needs of black ethnic minority populations, for example providing outreach services, adding or tailoring intervention to encourage involvement by women from the ethnic marginal groups (Williams and Becker 1994). In addition, statistics issued by Women’s Aid Federation of England made known that one in four women do experience violence in the home at least once during their life time (Women’s Aid Federation of England, 2002).   Also according to the Home office, â€Å"two women weekly are killed by intimate partners† (Home Office 2002). Numerous researchers and practitioners in the past studies on domestic violence within black ethnic minority communities have preferred to lump all women from the black ethnic minority in one group. (Fonte, 1988) points out that in much of previous researches; little attention has been paid to similarities and differences among different groups within the broad race/ethnic category (Fonte, 1998).   For purposes of racial/ethnic comparisons, diverse ethnic groups have often been shrunken into heterogeneous categories for example â€Å"black† though ignoring the diversity within that larger group. The process whereby individuals with diverse cultural backgrounds are sorted into broad race/ethnic categories by researchers is â€Å"ethnic lumping† (Fonte, 1993).   In most cases when research is circumscribed ethnic group the findings are sometimes over generalised to all members of the larger group.  Ã‚   Issues of within-group diversity have been rarely been addressed. Moreover, experiences and values within these groups have been influenced not just by immigration histories, cultural heritages but also by historical facts.   Researchers need to be aware and knowledgeable of how ethnicity, national origin, religion, disability, language and socioeconomic status are crucial when collecting domestic violence data from women within diverse groups if their diverse needs are to be met effectively. A more careful assessment of the potential role of race/ethnicity in domestic violence, rather than ethnic lumping and overgeneralization is essential if adequate interventions are to be developed and utilised at the same time removing the barriers faced by women from the black ethnic communities in accessing statutory and voluntary organisations.  Ã‚      CHAPTER 4 HEALTH AND WELL- BEING This chapter will focus on the impact of domestic violence on the health and well- being on the lives of black ethnic minority women living in the UK as they face the barriers to accessing some statutory services.   In seeking to understand the ways in which domestic violence and abuse undermines any woman’s life, health and well-being and the determination to survive it can be helpful for researchers to consider â€Å"Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs (1987). Figure 1.1 Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs (1987). In 1987 Maslow argued that the social and economic disadvantage people face, hold them back from meeting their needs.   Memories of past events damage or block people’s capacity to act. (Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs (1987). Abrahams (2010), affirms   that abused women agree with Maslow by claiming,   domestic violence/abuse demolishes the structure of their hierarchy needs with the loss of their personal identify, destruction of confidence and self -esteem, isolation from potential systems and fear of uncertainty (Abrahams, 2010). Apart from women’s Maslow’s hierarchy of needs not being met and the physical aftermath of domestic violence, there are some serious consequences on the victim.   The World Health Organisations (2001) lists depression, anxiety, psychosomatic symptom, eating disorders, sexual-dysfunction as being a direct result of the endurance of domestic violence and abuse. (World Health Organisations, 2001) Below are pictures showing the aftermath of physical domestic violence on women. Fig: 1:2 Women’s Aid, 2007. MENTAL HEALTH The impact of domestic violence on mental health has been well documented and includes low self-esteem, anxiety and depression (Kirkwood, 1993, Mooney 1994 and Thiara 2003a).  Ã‚   Research suggests that 50 percent of women users of mental health services have experienced domestic violence (Department of Health, 2003), compared to one-third of women in general population in the UK (Mooney, 1994). Women from the black ethnic minority accessing mental health services remain over-represented within such researches.   Given that the General Practitioner is the first port of call for women who face domestic violence (Dobash et al., 1985: 148), is considerable that seven women who were not in social housing were not registered with a General Practitioner (GP) in part because they were not able to afford paying for the medication that may be prescribed for them. Campel (2000) confirms depression and post traumatic stress disorder as the most prevalent mental-health problems of intimate partner violence. A study by (Mclnnes, 2003) reveals that it is not only while enduring domestic violence that women feel the impact of negative stereotyping associated with domestic violence. (Mclnnes, 2003) also describes the stereotypes as a form of social violence inflicted upon women. Women continue to live with the feeling of rejection and stigma from the general public even after leaving the perpetrator. A research by Mitchel and Hodson (1983) found out that sheltered women had a mean depression score two standard deviation above the norm.   In addition to a number of studies focusing on battered women who sought medical service and presenting with high rate of psychological difficulties. (Browne 1993; Holtsworth-Munroe et al. 2000) have also provided general discussions of the mental health correlates and consequences of husband violence.   Other researchers have also documented depression in large percentages of battered women in shelters or those receiving non-residential services for battered women (Cascardi and O’leary 1992). Results of studies on battered women showed that depressed mood, sleep problems, loss of energy, inappropriate guilt, problems with concentration and feelings of worthlessness were associated symptoms of depression (Andrews and Brown 1988).   (American Psychiatric Association 1994) also reported that low self-esteem which is closely related and often occurs with depression is generally referred to as an overall negative evaluation of self within battered women. In additions, Brown (1993) also observed that posttraumatic stress disorder may be the most appropriate diagnosis for many battered women with several researchers finding higher levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms in women receiving services from domestic violence shelters compared to other groups of women.   Kemp et al. (1995) found out that 81 percent of battered women and 63 percent of women who were verbally abused met criteria for a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder. Although it is unclear as to whether problems with substance mis-use arise before or after domestic violence, (Jaffe et al. 1986; Dawns and Gondoli 1989) argued that this issue warrants attention for the benefit of abused women.   (Bergman and Brismar 1991) confirms that 23 percent of battered women who received emergency medical attention services had a history of alcoholism whereas no women in a non-abused comparisons group did (Bergman and Brismar 1991). CHAPTER 5 CULTURAL INFLUENCES This chapter will discuss the cultural barriers within the black ethnic minority families to seeking statutory and voluntary organisations domestic violence support services. One of the most vital needs of women leaving home due to domestic violence is access to safe, secure stable housing. Although the refuge movement provides a network of refuges to women of all backgrounds, accommodation is available on an emergency and temporary basis only (Hague and Malos 1998:101). (Lee et al., 2002) suggest that the most influential factor on how a woman responds to domestic violence is social and cultural context of her life.   Even with the provision of refuges, a research by the (Southall Black Sisters, 2008) found out that black ethnic minority women and children endure violence for between three and forty years before seeing help. United Nations (UNCRC Article 6 [1], reports women from the black ethnic minority communities take an average of ten years before leaving a violent relationship.   As a result children grow up in unsafe and unhealthy home environment (United Nations 2008). (Adams 1999) points out â€Å"In considering domestic violence within black ethnic minority families, there has been reluctance to acknowledge its existence†. In addition Mama (1989) remarks that violence against women is historical bound up in patriarchal practices which are based on gender relationships more so in the black ethnic minority households.   (Women’s National Commission, 2003; Gill 2004) states that women are taught that the public image of family is more important than the safety of the individual. Honour and respectability are dependent on a successful marriage.   Also women fear dishonour and rejection from their communities if their marriage should fail.   Just like the Asian women, black ethnic minority women consider seeking help from the outsiders as the last resort (Yoshioka et al. 2003).   Black ethnic minority women are advised to stay in their marriage rather than leave abusive relationships (Gill 2004). (Adams 1999) argues that there are greater obstacles for women coming to the UK on spousal visas, women complaining of domestic violence risk deportation should they leave the martial home before the first year of arrival or marriage. (Adams 1999). (Abraham, 2000) indicates that isolation is an important factor in domestic violence particularly among immigrant families (Abraham 2000).   For women with no-recourse to public funding (NRPF), this isolation continued after they left abusive relationships.   Thirteen out of twenty women had no contact with family or friends in the two weeks prior to the interview due to a range of reasons including; lack of informal sources of support in the UK.   Fear of being disowned by family for leaving the marriage and fear of being traced, including lack of sufficient funds to visit friends or speak to families in the subcontinent. A research by the NHS (2003) suggests that sense of shame and fear of stigma within black ethnic minority communities might prevent women with complex social problems accessing services, the sense of shame in accessing drug services remain a concern.  Ã‚   In addition problems of confidentiality within the community also lead to lack of confidence in services (Fawcett 2004). (Women’s Aid 1997), commissioned a study exploring the needs of black ethnic minority women. The study illustrates that large numbers of from these communities are not aware of specialist support services.   Lack of such information by the black ethnic minority women leads them to endure violence for longer periods. (Women’s Aid 1997) also reveals, negative perception about refuges and inadequate help from agencies further heighten anxieties about refuges within such communities. Black ethnic minority communities, encompasses a multitude of ethnicities, nationalities, cultures and religions.   As a result of this black ethnic women consist of various diverse needs, concerns and life-styles.  Ã‚   (Dhillo-Kashyan and Woods 1994) highlights the difficulties for such women to retain their cultural and religious customs during their stay in refuges.   He adds that it is apparent that there were difficulties in supporting women with specific needs with shared accommodation provided by refuges as communal living. (Mama 1989; Adams 1988) noted that, there are greater difficulties for black ethnic minority women in accessing refuge support than white women.   Furthermore, whilst other groups stated in the research that they would accommodate this group of women, there seemed little understanding of their cultural and specific needs. Adams (1998) noted that black ethnic minority women feel far less secure in their own ability to leave home, particularly as they are considered subordinate within their own culture.   In addition many women from the black ethnic minority communities stay with their abuser for economic reasons. A Study by Humphrey and Thiara (2003), notes that women from the black ethnic minority community were significantly more likely to continue to suffer substantial problems both emotional and materially more than six months after separation from the abuser. (Humphrey and Thiara, 2003). (Thiara, 2005) states that not being fluent in English acts as a barrier preventing black ethnic minority women from seeking help and accessing services.   Such women are unable to access written information on domestic violence (Thiara, 2005). CHAPTER 6 REFUGES, CARE AND SUPPORT Despite the Feminist organisations campaign and attainment in 1977, of acceptance of domestic violence as a basis for homelessness in housing legislation (Morley et al, 2002), women’s â€Å"general† refuges which opened in the 1970’s to aid women and children fleeing domestic violence, enabling women to re-build their live and move on to stable, suitable accommodation confirmed that not all women’s care support needs were being met and not all women had equal access to the â€Å"generic† provision (Banga, B., Gill, A. 2008). Regardless of all campaigning, researches and large number of studies in domestic violence field, (Hague and Malos 1998; Dobash and Dobash 1992), changes in British social policy and housing policy in particular have in some respects, further secluded women and children experiencing domestic violence. Research documents that in the face of state policy and local authority practice women’s refuges which maintain themselves on the rentals paid through benefit system for residence can seldom afford to accommodate women with no-recourse to public funding (NRPF).   As a consequence, women with no recourse to public funds who repeatedly attempt to leave on many occasions only to return to their violent relationships (Dobash and Dobash, 1992; Mullender, 1996). (Crisis, 2006) confirms, women’s homelessness continued to be ignored by strategic thinking and policy making even though many women are still staying in hidden, informal and marginalised homeless accommodation. In a mapping exercise that included 551 woman’ organisations in London found that 73% of black ethnic minority organisation faced a funding crisis between year 2000 and 62% of black ethnic minority organisation had closed or moved locations (Soteri, 2002). Such data showed that by year 2000 black ethnic minority organisations were under threat and had less secure continuation (Soteri, 2002). A study on women in refuge accommodation in 2007 found that on average black ethnic minority women who happen to be accommodated in refuge stayed forty-four days in specialist refuges than women who accessed the main stream (Gill, A.; Banga, B. 2008). Furthermore twenty one refuges turned away 2,300 women who attempted to access specialist refuges because they were full.   As a result this rejection figure was mush higher for black ethnic minority women.  Ã‚   A research by (Women’s Resource Centre, 2007) showed that only 25% (percent) of women who stayed in refugees went to council housing upon leaving the refuge. A study conducted by Women Resource Centre (2008), on the state of London-based black ethnic minority women’s organisations, including the findings from the thirty-second report of the working group with the voluntary sector (2000) found that London-based black ethnic minority organisation had experienced long term volatility and 36 per cent have no paid staff at all. Even if the demand for services had increased and workloads have tripled, evidence showed that there was little support in terms of secure and core funding (Women Resource Centre, 2007). Women’s Resource Centre (2007) research on the state of funding for women found that the lack of suitable housing to move on to meant that, women stayed in refuges for longer periods of time.  Ã‚   This resulted in women being isolated for longer periods.   Also this lack of housing also influenced whether or not women return to their abusers. In is research for Joseph Rowntree Foundation, Chahal (2000) suggests that black ethnic minority groups who are social housing tenants have a tendency to live in the most deprived areas and are over-represented in disadvantaged inner city areas.   According to (Chahal, 2000) roughly 60 per cent of tenants within the housing association accommodation come from the black ethnic minority communities.   (Coy et al. 2007) states that a third of local authorities in the UK have no specialised support services and fewer than one in ten have specialist services for black ethnic minority women. While the UK government acknowledges that there are many commonalities in the experience of women escaping domestic violence, there appear to be little policy development that relates to specific concerns and needs of black ethnic minority women.   Presents of racism in the mainstream refuges has been the subject of a number of researches over the past few years.   This was highlighted in the recent research study (Chantler, 2006) which found, racism to be operating at three levels starting with the service users, workers and at state level through immigration policies that stop women from accessing services. SUPPORTING WOMEN WITH ‘NO RECOURSE’ TO PUBLIC FUNDS The provision of accommodation and support is vital for women who experience domestic violence, a fact recognised by the government in 2003 (Rights for women, 2003).   Women from the black ethnic minority communities with a â€Å"no recourse† visa who experience domestic violence find themselves in a complex situation because they cannot access public funds. Neither to leave their partner and are fundamentally trapped in the violent relationship. The ‘no recourse’ to public funds rule as defined by the Home Office   (2009) prevents women, especially from the black ethnic minority community on spousal visa or subject to immigration control from accessing certain public funds including welfare benefits such as, income support, child benefit as well as housing and homelessness assistance (Women’s Aid 2007). A survey of 11 London refuges found that in the period 2006/07, 223 women with â€Å"no recourse† to public funds requested refuge space.   However, only 19 (8.5%) women were accepted for support.   This meant that just 3% of the total of 585 women who were provided with refuge space providers in 2006/07, of the 19 women accommodated 16 had children (Islington, 2008), no re-course to public funds. The Immigration law (underpinned by various immigrations Acts) is set out in the Immigration Rules, Part 8 of the Immigration Rules state that a woman who joins a partner who has a settled immigration status can be given a 2 years â€Å"spousal† visa on the condition that the partner agrees to provide for their financial and material needs (Home Office 2010). When relationship breaks down, victims are often deterred from looking for help, or leaving violent relationships because they have nowhere to go, do not feel safe in their own homes and also do not have legal rights to remain (Rights of women 2003). Research by the (Southall Black Sisters, 2007) found out that it takes up to 24 months for a woman’s application for indefinite leave to remain (ILR) to be determined when she leaves an abusive partner. (Brittain et al, 2005) states that for many women from black ethnic minority, the nonexistence of interpreters makes accessing services very complex.   Bearing in mind the existing political climate of hostility towards immigrants, the cutback to interpretation as well as English language classes makes it likely that these barriers become entrenched, unless there is a change in policy and practice regarding interpretation and English classes.   When experiencing domestic violence women who have ‘no recourse’ to public funds need be given the ability to access the services as they need to escape domestic violence and protect themselves and their children. BLACK ETHNIC MINORITY WOMEN AND LAW A research entitled until women and children are safe, (Women’s Aid, 2007) argue that women from the black ethnic communities face a number of problems within the legal process.  Ã‚   In most instances gaining access to legal representatives is often stressful and confusing. Lack of specialist services or interpreters mean that such women are deprived of effective access to law and those women whose immigration status made them not entitled for help with legal aid experience particular difficulties (Women’s Aid, 2007). During the same time Women’s Aid research highlighted the process of going to court as itself traumatic and terrifying for women due to lack of separate waiting areas, so that applicants and their abusers often had to share the same small space (Barron, 1990). (Women’s Aid, 2007) states that, courts like many other agencies have often failed to understand the whole range of emotional, psychological and practical reasons why many women stay with or return to a violent partner.   As a result this does often have effect on women for not being taken seriously hence making them unwilling to come to courts. (Bryan, Dardzie and Scafe, 1985) argue that the issue of law enforcement within black communities is extremely controversial.   Negative stereotyping of black people individually and within family groups is pervasive.   Ã‚   CHAPTER 7 CONLUSION/CRITIQUE In conclusion, the examination of literature revealed rather little published material on the issue of black women generally and even less on the subject of violence within the home.   This contrasted with the wide body of work on white women suffering abuse from partners (Hammer and Maynard, 1987; Dobash and Dobash 1980). The stereo-type that surrounds domestic violence often denies the legitimisation of black ethnic minority women as victims (Bograd, 1999).   Often domestic violence against black ethnic minority women is not considered as serious as the violence committed against white victims (Harrison and Esquada, 2000).   This often creates a barrier in black women’s willingness and ability to disclose issues of domestic violence to any professional or care providers.   Any discriminatory practices limit such women’s comfort level in disclosing domestic violence and seeking out services to address it. As mentioned earlier in the study, many researchers and practitioners in past studies on domestic violence within black ethnic minority communities have chosen to lump all women from this community in one category. (Fonte, 1988) argued that in much previous researches, little attention has been paid to similarities and differences among various groups within the broad race, ethnic category. â€Å"Ethnic lumping† as argued by (Fonte, 1993), ignores the diversity within the larger group of black ethnic minority women.   Black ethnic minority women umbrella encompasses a multitude of ethnicities, nationalities, cultures and religions.   As a result the black ethnic minority consists of various diverse communities, each with their own needs, concerns and life styles and cultures that have to be taken into consideration offering support. Although it is clear that statutory and voluntary agencies have a moral and legal duty to respond effectively to the needs of women surviving domestic violence, practitioners need to become aware of limitations of a race-blind service delivery.   (Dominelli, 1988; Mama 1989a) also argue that attention needs to be paid more generally on the effects of policing practice and immigration legislation on lives of black women. Voluntary organisations such as Coventry Haven and many others play a key role in providing advocacy and other support services to domestic violence survivors yet these services appear to have been historically underfunded and struggle to meet the need of women who attempt to access them.  Ã‚   In the face of state policy and local authority practice study revealed that women’s refuges like Coventry Haven which maintain themselves on the rentals paid through benefit system for women residence can rarely afford to accommodate women with ‘no recourse’ to public funding (NRPF). Women’s Aid, (2009) research on domestic violence and housing policy found out that there is a reduction in resources available to organisations working with black ethnic minority women and such organisations have experienced long term stability with 36 per cent having no paid staff at all. As a result funding remains one of the barriers for women accessing services.   This study also found out that a lack of speciality shelters/refuge spaces and an absence of clear guidelines for involving specialist agencies in policy services development and evaluation meant that there is often low recognition of domestic violence with housing policy (Women’s Aid, 2009). Finally, it is essential for   all statutory and voluntary organisations recognise the need   to evaluate their methods of delivering services and ensure that gaps are identified and filled as appropriate if the needs of black women surviving domestic violence are to be met from a different cultural perspective.   Outreach services are very crucial for raising awareness about services and providing information to women from the black ethnic minority communities about the services.   However the few services that are available have no regular source of funding as mentioned earlier in the study.   As a result, many voluntary organisations working with survivors of domestic violence from the black ethnic minority communities will have no alternative but to shut down, leaving such women exposed to further violence from intimate partners.    CHAPTER 8 IMPLICATIONS TO SOCIAL WELFARE PRACTICE Responses to domestic violence should be culturally sensitive and suitable therefore more training for front line staff/practitioners should be vital to make them aware of the cultural differences when responding to domestic violence.   Too often â€Å"black† is lumped with white women and as a result, black women are invisible whose existence and needs are ignored (Dominelli, 2002:30).  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a result of such practices of lumping black women with white women, black feminists have criticised the white radical feminists for not considering the experiences and perspectives of black women when dealing with domestic violence. The complexities of race and gender can aggravate problems for practitioners and serve to cover the realities of women’s experience in the family (Lupton; Gallespie, 1994:106).   In offering assistance to people of different race and social class, it is essential for practitioners to understand their viewpoints especially their culture and values about family life (Lupton; Gallespie, 1994:106). During my practice as a domestic violence advocate/support worker for Coventry Haven, I noted that the organisation experienced some difficulties in supporting women from the black ethnic minority communities. The reason being that, this group encompasses a multitude of ethnicities, nationalities, cultures and religions.   As a result of such multitudes and lack of awareness and knowledge of different cultures by the front line practitioners meant that not all women’s needs were being met. In every effort to meet black ethnic minority women’s needs, the services available fail to meet the complex needs of this population (Martinson 2001; Bograd 1999).   In order to achieve this, (Borgrad, 1999) suggests that developing theories that move beyond simple description of domestic violence, but take into account intersections of race and class will be necessary in order to provide access to appropriate services for black ethnic minority women. All practitioners within the statutory and voluntary sector need to recognise the practice dilemmas. Insufficient cultural knowledge may result in inabilities to distinguish between understandings, and respecting other cultures and holding stereotypical notions about other cultures which I found problematic for many volunteers during my practice as a domestic violence advocate/support worker. RECOMMENDATIONS Researches on domestic violence within ethnic groups need to pay attention on the differences among various groups as â€Å"ethnic lumping† ignores the diversity within the larger group of black ethnic minority women.   Theories need to move beyond simple description of domestic violence and take into account intersection of race and class in order to provide access to appropriate services for black women. The Government needs to extend the domestic violence rule to include all abused women including women with ‘no recourse’ or insecure immigration status and introduce protection for this group of women whose marital relationships would have broken down. Responses to domestic violence should be culturally sensitive and appropriate therefore, providing culturally appropriate information and support may assist all women regardless of their race/ethnicity to disclose domestic violence. Mainstream services to augment their identification of domestic violence and signposting to specialist agencies for specialist services.   There is need for improved awareness and training for practitioners on culturally sensitive responses to black women’s domestic violence.   There is need to review some of the diversity policies and procedures in generic refuges.   More funding for more specialist domestic violence services working with women and children from the black ethnic minority communities.   More volunteers and interpreters from different cultural and language backgrounds are needed to ensure the language barrier is overcome. The development of interpreting and translation services should be a prioritised, not only can they make life easier for people whose first language is not English, but they would also offer agencies same as Coventry Haven a more effective way of working through some complicated cases of violence.Practitioners from both statutory and voluntary organisations   need to ensure that the needs of women from the black ethnic minority communities are addressed within the context of their being seen as whole human beings in which each area of their life interacts with others, looking at collective solutions to individual problems.

Sociology Delinquency essays

Sociology Delinquency essays 1) Delinquency refers to the undesirable, anti-social behavior of young people. It may include some crime, but it also covers deviant behavior that is not criminal, such as defying authority, truanting from school and so on. Delinquent behavior can come in many forms, staying out late, swearing, outrageous dress or tattoos and body piercing may all be considered as delinquent behavior depending on the society and household. When trying to define delinquency or an action as a delinquent one, one must bear in mind that the term is vague, and covers a wide spectrum. Delinquency can also be juvenile; however, use of the word juvenile is just as vague as use of the word as what age one may consider as juvenile may vary from person to person. For example, even though someone at the age of 14 may be considered by juvenile by some, he may still be charged criminally. Delinquency has come in many shapes and forms as time went on. In the 1840s the gangs of street Arabs seemed to be the main ca use, in the 1890s, it was hooligans and in the second half of the twentieth century it was the Teddy Boys, skinheads, punks, Goths and so on. There may be many causes of delinquency, but the main causes of it are family problems such as divorce, failure at school, and use of alcohol and drugs. 2) Sociologist Albert Cohen made the suggestion that delinquency was caused by something called status frustration which was felt by boys who were failing at school. The two main values of the anti-school subculture that was created by status frustration were the need to have the approval of their peers and a feeling of success they could not attain at school where they had already been labeled as failures. Because of these values, the types of behavior that this anti-school subculture led to are rudeness, disobedience, and breaking the rules. They could wi ...

The effectiveness of anti-social behavioural orders Essay

The effectiveness of anti-social behavioural orders - Essay Example The paper shall also address the concerns and challenges that ASBOs presents to law enforcement professionals and looks at possible improvements, if any that could be made to improve the effectiveness of these orders. As a prelude to the analysis, it may be imperative to understand the nature and scope of ASBOs. Introduced under the Crime and Disorder Act, 1998, ASBOs are designed to deal with anti-social behaviour perpetrated by individuals aged 10 years or above. An application for an ASBO may be made where it is alleged that a person or persons have acted "in a manner that caused or was likely to cause harassment, alarm or distress to one or more persons not of the same household"4 and includes a range of behaviour that put people in fear of crime. According to the U.K. Home Office, anti-social behaviour includes a range of problems, some examples5 being: An ASBO is essentially a civil order; however breach of the order re... The misuse of fireworks An ASBO is essentially a civil order; however breach of the order results in criminal proceedings and sanctions, including fine and imprisonment up to five years for adults. ASBOs are available to police and local authorities, as well as registered social landlords and British Transport Police (introduced by Police Reform Act, 2002) but not to members of the general public. Thus, police and local authorities can apply to a magistrates' court for an order to prohibit an individual from causing harassment, alarm or distress in a particular area. The ASBOs are community-based orders involving local people in the collection of evidence and in helping to monitor breaches. Lindsay Clarke explains that since ASBOs are accorded civil status, enabling both hearsay as well as professional witness evidence in ASBO applications, makes them more effective in protecting both the victims of anti-social behaviour as well as those reporting the behaviour.6 It is significant to note that while ASBOs were introduced as a fulfilment of the New Labour's undertaking in their 1997 election manifesto to create "community safety orders [that] will deal with threatening and disruptive criminal neighbours,"7 prior to it injunctions were used to deal with such behaviour8 under such legislations as Protection from Harassment Act 1997, Housing Act 1996, Environmental Protection Act 1990. The ASBOs are not intended to replace any existing legislation; they are seen as complementary measures available to the police and the local authority to combat anti-social behaviour. ASBOs essentially operate on the on the same principle as an injunction - prohibiting the offender from specific anti-social acts or entering defined areas through civil

Washington, U.S. Supreme Court Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Washington, U.S. Supreme Court - Essay Example This led to him being convicted under the clause of confrontation on the sixth amendment as the 911 call was enough to have him in jail for the decided time. Issue The issue before the court in the current case is whether Davis could still be convicted since McCottry did not testify against him in court. The court was forced to use the 911 call recording that was from the call McCottry had made that night to find Davis guilty of domestic violation. The court also used the fact that Davis ran from the scene as a felony that he could easily be found guilty by the Supreme Court if the two issues were put before them. There was also proof that this was not the first time Davis had assaulted McCottry from the recording. Rule The rule in this case is defined by the Washington court 541 U. S. 36 of appeal as well as the Supreme Court where the case required the court to decide whether the clause used which was the confrontation could only apply to the testimonial hearsay. The rule insisted the recording bore words which were enough for a testimony. Analysis The confrontation clause requires statements from other sources that must fall under the same prohibition to have clear classification to hold the suspect. The case was ruled against Davis though McCottry never testified they used the recording brought forth by the officer in charge that night. Discussion From the rule it is evident that the confrontation clause could be used to have fair rules regardless of the testimonies. Conclusion The decision in the case to find Davis guilty of domestic felony regardless of absence of the main witness at the trial by using recording made to report the same meant that the confrontation and hearsay can be used to rule fairly. Question 2 Facts In the case of United States v. Odom, U. S. discusses the issue of mental competency as it relates to a witness report under FRE 601. The defendant Odom was a candidate for reelection he was the deputy sheriff and was appealing with his te am for their convictions arising for casting false ballots. They were all charged with participation in a plot to vote more than once as required by the constitution and were convicted at all counts. Issue The issue before the court in this case is that the entire defendant has appealed many times with all their appeals being rejected. This is because all the defendants were running for reelection yet they had schemed to vote more than once with the excuse of using absentee votes. There is also the fact that the residents of Alexander County were people of advanced age both mentally and physically ill. Rule According to FRE 601, state law governs a witness competency where every witness is deemed competent unless proved otherwise. One of the effects of this rule is to abolish, among other facts, mental capacity as a ground that would reduce a witness competency. Analysis The defendants in the case complained that the court erred in allowing unsworn and incompetent witnesses to testi fy for the prosecution in the case. In this case, the defendants were challenging the mental competency of the inhabitants of the Rest home. The defendants argued that the witnesses from the Rest home were incompetent to either appear or testify in the trial. According to the defendants, the procedure in which the district court used to resolve the competency of the witnesses was faulty. The defendants proposed a motion that the district judge should have ruled on the competency at the camera hearing. However, according to Rule 601, the trial court’s responsibility to rule on the competency of the witnesses is rebutted. The rule states that all witnesses are deemed competent except where state law

Marks & Spencer Essay Example for Free

Marks Spencer Essay Marks Spencer, a British retailer of clothing, food, home ware and financial services was started in 1884, when Michael Marks (a Russian-born Polish refugee) opened a stall at Leeds Kirkgate Market. Today Marks Spencer’s presence can be found in more than 40 countries across the world. A customer can easily shop for both food and clothes at most of the outlets in the UK. Other than that Marks Spencer’s also carries lines of 1) Identify and explain the different customer needs of which the three MS clothing ranges aimed to serve? Assume that the Perfect and Classic ranges serve essentially the same customer segment. One product which will always sell regardless of the world’s economic situation is clothes. Clothes are one of the most important requirements and wants for a person at the same time. You need to be clothed but at the same time you want to make a statement through your clothes of your beliefs, personality and moods. Clothes like pictures can say a whole lot more about a person and leave a long first impression as its the first thing you notice. Marks Spencer’s understands this about people and has made itself one the most well known brands in the world with a reputation to go with the name. The reputation build up is because Mark’s Spencer’s make it a point to provide to the needs and expectations of all its customers, who have a diverse taste and preference. There is something available for everyone. Let’s take three of Marks Spencer’s lines and identify the different needs each line aimed to satisfy. The first line is ‘The Perfect Collection’ and ‘The Classic Collection’. This line aims to facilitate those customers who are looking for something trendy of quality at a reasonable tag price. This customer lives a very hectic life, therefore wants it all, ease, quality and value packaged into one. This customer could be profiled as a woman aged 22-30, as she’s attending school, working and looking after domestic responsibilities; she wants to look good in something that is hassle-free as well as reasonably priced. The next line we’ll look at is ‘The Autograph’, this line aims to reach out those women who are looking for style, comfort and are willing to pay a little extra for it. The line aimed to provide to a niche of sorts. This line provided to its wearers elegance and the ability to stand out as a limited number of items are available in the market and that too only at certain outlets. It lets these women feel special and provides the environment of a boutique. As this line is made by a range of designers, it is nothing less than designer wear. This woman is the business executive who recognizes the truth in the fact that clothes make a man or in this case a woman. They want their clothes to spell out powerful, independent, elegant and unique all at the same time, which they do. As they know of the benefits in dressing well they don’t mind paying the little extra. For these women expenditure on their clothes will bring them ROI at the end of the working day. Their professionalism is visible through what they wear. The third line that we will examine is ‘per una’. This range was designed by, George Davies as a sub-brand for Marks Spencer for the fashion conscious woman and available in the sizes 8-18. This line is for the woman who is a little on the healthy side and knows that but at the same time wants to look good and keep up with the latest styles. This line is also a little less pricey making it accessible for these women to look good and do so at a budget. This woman would be a mother/ house wife belonging to the SEC C, D range. She’s not well off but she’s proud of her sense of style and wants to show it to the world.

Another Andrew Jackson :: essays research papers fc

Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United states, was born on March 15, 1767, in the Waxhaw settlement on the western frontier of South Carolina. Jackson was orphaned at the age of 14 and was brought up by his uncle. Jackson was born into a poor family. When his parents died, he went to live with his Uncle, who was a wealthy slave and land owner. As a result, Jackson moved among wealthy people and property owners, who monopolized the prestige and political influence in the back country. So now he could see what the different lives between the rich and the poor, he became really popular by the common people and also was considered part of the political movement and he led what was know as the Jacksonian Democracy. He could see that the wealthy were huge land owners or industrialized families, and the poor families were small farmers. Jackson was the type who wanted the land to be all American. Dealing with the Native American policy, he forcibly removed southern tribes from lands guaranteed then by federal treaties and the United States Supreme Court decisions. Doing this gave him great power and led the United States to a bigger nation, but what does that say about the United States words. Because of them, the Indians could not trust them any more. Jackson was also against slavery. Even Modern historians observe that Jackson was a large slave owner and that his party was the enemy of free blacks and their rights. He was so against African Americans, they denied anti-slavery pamphlets in the United States Postal Service. I think the reason that he liked slavery so much was because that his Uncle was a large slave owner and he found that they are very useful and could help make money a whole lot faster and cheaper then regular labor. If Jackson was against slavery, I feel that the Slavery issue would have ended a lot faster then it did in the American History. Jackson did do a lot for the country and also made the common people feel like they have a place in today society. If it was just rich people running the country,

Metalworks Case

| 2012| | KLU | Metalworks case study| Students: | Introduction : Metalwork is a company supplying cabinets and safety boxes. At the moment it has two plants and two warehouses which are â€Å"Des Moines† and â€Å"Dover†. Metalwork also uses an external supplier in case they can’t meet the demand. However in the case Metalwork has to buy products from supplier it doesn’t make any profit since the selling price $75 for the cabinet and $107 equals the buying price.Regarding this situation Metalwork has decided to improve its logistic efficiency by either increasing its capacity in â€Å"Des Moines† or investing in Juarez, Mexico by building up a new factory. Our job in this condition is to analyze the best option, to optimize the logistic efficiency and help Metalwork make a decision. At first we will see and optimize the current logistic system and then we will try to run the two solutions. And see which one is the best in order to give Metalwork th e best possible answer. Baseline scenario 1: without distance constrains and with direct shipment from supplier to customers.The first job we had to do was to actualize every data and verify everything was correct. This work consisted in adding the data for the 3 time periods missing (2011-2012-2013). So we added the data regarding warehouse capacity, production capacity, production costs, and customers demand. We allowed direct shipment from the supplier to customers. We also checked the flows between every actor of the logistic process (exhibit 1). We use the Rail Warehouses Midwest between warehouses and ABC fleet carrier from warehouses to customers. Then we made the software run for a first try and saw the results.So as a result we can see that first the scenario is feasible. Hopefully by the way since it is how the Metalwork is supposed to work. We can see that the total cost (which contains manufacturing, transportation, warehousing, variables, and holding costs) is $321  7 41  907 75 and total profit of $2  001  748  527 44. So the situation is pretty good since the company realizes profits. We can also see that in this baseline scenario we order 629  398 84 units to our supplier. Units on which we don’t make any profit. So we can clearly see that there is a need to invest in order to meet the demand thanks to our products.Baseline scenario 2 without distance constrains and without direct shipment from supplier to customers. In this scenario we will try to see if it is possible work without direct shipment from the supplier to the customers. That is why the lane visual changes compared to the first one. The answer in this case is that this scenario is not feasible, because of warehouses capacity. Indeed we begin to see that it is necessary to work with more than 2 warehouses. Baseline scenario with direct shipment and with distance constrains for warehouse to customer. In this scenario we will introduce constraints regarding the maxim um distance to customers.Indeed high quality service and responsiveness is highly important to Metalwork that is why we add a distance constraint of maximum 800 miles to Tier 1 customers and 1000 miles to Normal customers. We keep the same data and the same lanes and logistic system. Except that we allow this time delivery from the supplier to the customers. Because if not we would have add the same problem as in the second scenario since the situation is even harder regarding the distance constraints. That is why we decided to run it with this scenario. So we can see that the two warehouses supply the customers in within the 1000 miles away.That is why the supplier has to send directly to the other customers and also to supply the rest that is needed by the customers. We can see that only having two warehouses is really not enough. In this situation the supplier has much more importance and that has huge effects on the costs. Dual supply On the diagram bellow we can see that the su pplier has a huge importance on the production since it produces even more than the Plant in Dover. So in this situation we can see that the total costs have dramatically increased from $341  741  907 75 to $887  796  558, 11 and the profit has gone down to $1  435  693  607, 07.The manufacturing cost is really high: 749  750  420 $ compared to 138  145  001$ in the first scenario. Regarding the new constraint we really realize that Metalwork needs to invest in new plant and in new warehouses. Baseline scenario with direct shipment and with distance constrains for warehouse to customer and supplier to customer. The scenario is not feasible because the warehouse capacity is limited and the distance from supplier to some customers is greater than the distance restriction. We decided to apply this restriction because we fought it was necessary to apply the distance constraints to the supplier also.Indeed the service level must be equal for every product to every c ustomer. Indeed the customer doesn’t need to know and don’t care if the product is from the supplier plant or Metalwork plant. Increased demand scenario in Des Moines We increase capacity of Des Moines. The production capacity of the safety boxes increases by 25% and cabinets by 50%. We set the additional $1  250 000 operation costs. And we decrease the cost for each unit produced in Des Moines by 50 cents. We apply these directives into our data base for every time period. We also add the possibility to go from 2 warehouses to 4 warehouses for the 4 time period.Two of the warehouses are fixed. One in Des Moines and one in Dover. So in this scenario we can see that the total cost has decreased compared to the first baseline scenario. Now we have a total cost of $248  104  881 97 and a profit of $2  075  385  283 22 which is much higher than in the first baseline scenario. We can also notice that with these investments the supplier is no longer needed. So th e objective achieved. Plus we have 100% of the demand met. We clearly see that the Plant in Des Moines is the main motor of Metalwork. Plus even with the distance constraint we see that the scenario is feasible.This is able thanks to the 2 more warehouses available. So as we see on the map bellow, all the customers are supplied and the 4 warehouses are dispatched on every side of the United States. Plus there are only a few customers supplied by two warehouses, because of warehouse capacity. So clearly the result is conclusive. The demand is met the costs go down and the profit rises. Double supply Mexican Plant scenario In this scenario the objective of Metalwork is to improve the network of its plants and also to relocate its investment into a low labor cost country.The opening cost of this plant opening is $5  000  000. In order to make this scenario work we had to reset the data for the 4 time period, that is to say cancel the downsize in costs and production capacity in Des Moines. We also forbid the direct shipment from supplier to customer if needed. And used the railway West transportation for Railway warehouses West to supply our products to the warehouses. But we still have the same problem as in the previous scenario that is to say that some customers are supplied by two warehouses. Double supplyAs we can see can see in the chart below, our total cost is $ 243  950  541 68 which is smaller than in the previous scenario. The profit is also a little bit higher, with $2  079  539  623 51. 100% of the demand is met so we can say that the objective is met. And with better results on every side whether it is financial or quality we can say that we would recommend this investment rather than the first one. However this also depends on the image the brand wants to have, something such as made in America and avoid social problems in the plants.When the activity is relocated. We can see on the last chart that the production almost equally balanc ed between Des Moines and Juarez. The good thing is that the supplier is no longer needed. So every unit sold makes the company make profit. Conclusion: 1. After comparing the different scenarios based on the guidelines we had, we found that the scenario that involved building a plant in Juarez, Mexico turns out to be the best one. 2. While comparing the increased capacity scenario and the â€Å"Mexico† scenario we found that they are nearly the same.In both of these scenarios we find that we don’t need an external supplier, we would be able to supply the demand on our own. 3. Compared to the baseline scenario we can see that increasing the number of warehouses decreases the overall total costs. 4. While optimizing the solution, we figured out that having to use two given warehouses might not be the optimal choice, those two warehouses should be catalogued as potential, the maximum number of warehouses should be increased. 5. We observed baseline scenarios can’t compete with the improved capacity scenario or the â€Å"Mexico† scenario since the cost of buying from a supplier is too high.

Beowulf vs. Spiderman

Back in the seventeenth century, they had epic heroes like Beowulf, who killed Grendel with his bare hands. Now, they have heroes such as Spiderman who can shoot web from his wrist and crawl up walls. Beowulf and Spiderman have characteristics that distinguish them as heroes, some of which are found in both of them while one has characteristics the other doesn’t. During the Anglo Saxon days, the original hero was Beowulf, the supreme warrior. He had marvelous strength, not like the average being.His true bravery and his powerful will to fight to death is what people genuinely knew him for. However, in today’s society, the modern superheroes are taken as being a regular limited hero. Spiderman for instance, was not born with super powers but was bitten by a spider that gave him the power. Unlike Beowulf, who would kill his enemy, Spiderman has limitations and would not dare kill his enemy because he believes death is never the answer. They’re alike because they bo th put other people’s needs in front of their own; they would risk their lives for someone else’s.They’re also alike because during the times of Spiderman and Beowulf, there are always critics that only criticize the hero; to make them seem like something they’re not. For example, Peter Parker (Spiderman) is always taking pictures for the Daily Bugle to let people know that Spiderman is a â€Å"good guy†, but his imperial figure only wants to make him seem like he is committing a crime. With Beowulf, because he is so vital and was born with this power, average people that do not know him do not think highly of him, want to bring him down.Resolution: Today’s modern superheroes are given super powers like super strength, reflexes and agility, and to possibly have spider webs come from your wrist and have the ability to crawl up walls! But just like any other epic hero, all of them have some challenging obstacles that has altered their life in one way or another that makes them become strong and prepared to be the icon that most people look up too, while others waiting to watch you fall and fail with the city you protect. These superheroes are all somewhat similar because they fight for their people rather than for themselves and they fight only for justice!

Borderline Personality Disorde essays

Borderline Personality Disorde essays To help the world understand why humans perform certain actions, we have to study the human mind. Specifically fields that will help progress mankind. Trying to understand why psychopaths and borderline personality disorders commit the crimes that they do is an important step in the direction of preventing it. The article, Emotion in Criminal Offenders With Psychopathy and Borderline Personality Disorder addresses this field accurately. Although it focuses on the physiological aspects of this field, it will help understand it. This study was performed because the authors felt that criminal offenders that are diagnosed with psychopathy and/or borderline personality disorder share an unprompted nature that tends to differ from normal humans. They (the authors) aim to prove that criminals with Psychopathy and borderline personality disorder will have different responses to unpleasant and pleasant stimuli than the control group. This is my guess at the general hypothesis the authors were going for. The article states, Compared with controls, psychopaths were characterized by decreased electrodermal responsiveness, less facial expression, and the absence of affective startle modulation. (737) The methods that the authors used to conduct this study were as follows: Twenty-five psychopaths as defined by the Hare Psychopathy Checklist and 18 subjects with BPD from 2 high-security forensic treatment facilities were included in the study along with 24 control subjects. Electrodermal response was used as an indicator of emotional arousal, modulation of the startle reflex as a measure of valence, and electromyographic activity of the corrugator muscle as an index of emotional expression. I know that we were supposed to answer that question in our own words, however I felt that the authors knew much more than me about this specific experiment and that their words could portray the idea much...

Exercise in Organizing a Descriptive Paragraph

Exercise in Organizing a Descriptive Paragraph After studying our basic model for organizing a descriptive paragraph, you may find it helpful to apply the strategies in this short exercise. Directions Here is the topic sentence of a descriptive paragraph titled The Candle: I treasure my candle not for its beauty, its sentimental value, or even its usefulness, but for its simple, stark ugliness. The rest of the paragraph appears below. However, the sentences have been rearranged so that the descriptions appear in no logical order. Reorder the sentences to create a clearly organized paragraph. Rising crookedly out of the cup and collar is the candle, a pitifully short, stubby object.Abandoned by a previous occupant of my room, the candle squats on the window sill, anchored by cobwebs and surrounded by dead flies.This ugly little memorial consists of three parts: the base, the reflector, and the candle itself.This aluminum flower is actually a wrinkled old Christmas light collar.The base is a white, coffee-stained Styrofoam cup, its wide mouth pressed to the sill.And by lighting the wick, any time I choose, I can melt this ugly candle away.From the bottom of the cup (which is the top of the base) sprouts a space-age daisy: red, green, and silver petals intended to collect wax and reflect candle light.The candle is about the same size and color as a mans thumb, beaded with little warts of wax down the sides and topped by a tiny bent wick. Suggested answers are on page two. REVIEW: How to Write a Descriptive ParagraphDiscovery Strategy: Probing Your TopicDraft a Descriptive ParagraphPractice in Supporting a Topic Sentence with Specific DetailsModel Descriptive Paragraphs NEXT: Revision Checklist for a Descriptive Paragraph. Suggested Rearrangement of Sentences: Organizing a Descriptive Paragraph Here is how the nine sentences in The Candle were originally arranged. I treasure my candle not for its beauty, its sentimental value, or even its usefulness, but for its simple, stark ugliness. (2) Abandoned by a previous occupant of my room, the candle squats on the window sill, anchored by cobwebs and surrounded by dead flies. (3) This ugly little memorial consists of three parts: the base, the reflector, and the candle itself. (5) The base is a white, coffee-stained Styrofoam cup, its wide mouth pressed to the sill. (7) From the bottom of the cup (which is the top of the base) sprouts a space-age daisy: red, green, and silver petals intended to collect wax and reflect candle light. (4) This aluminum flower is actually a wrinkled old Christmas light collar. (1) Rising crookedly out of the cup and collar is the candle, a pitifully short, stubby object. (8) The candle is about the same size and color as a mans thumb, beaded with little warts of wax down the sides and topped by a tiny bent wick. (6) And by lighting the wick, any time I choose, I can melt this ugly candle away.